II. The Route to Normal Science
In this essay, “normal science” means research firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements, achievements that some particular scientific community acknowledges for a time as supplying the foundation for its further practice.
Normal science, the activity in which most scientists inevitably spend almost all their time, is predicated on the assumption that the scientific community knows what the world is like.
Much of the success of the enterprise derives from the community’s willingness to defend that assumption, if necessary at considerable cost.